4D Printing

In the past three decades, there has been an increasing focus of research efforts on the development and optimization of additive manufacturing processes. These additive manufacturing processes may use powder/liquid and solid based consumable materials. But up until now, little has been reported on hybrid processes, (such as processes that can use a combination of powder/liquid and solid based consumable materials) or smart consumables which may have controlled 4th dimensional capabilities. Additive Manufacturing for 4D Applications explores both autonomic and non-autonomic systems with different stimulus such as temperature, current, moisture, light, sound.  In addition, the 5th dimensional aspect using more than one stimulus is outlined for additive manufacturing processes. It presents both an introduction to the basic understanding of hybrid processes, as well as exploring the physics behind the process (in the form of derivation and numerical problems).  For the field engineer, applicable codes and standards for each hybrid process are provided.  Lastly, case studies are included in each section and will provide the reader with a model to explore future research directions. Begins with the fundamentals of hybrid additive manufacturing processPresents a discussion of the physics behind the smart material functioning in hybrid additive manufacturingIncludes real world case studies on 4D and 5D printing, as well as a look at the future research dimensions in 4D/5D printing