EXISTENCE AND THE LIMITS OF DOUBT

This book follows philosophy to the point where certainty no longer expands but instead reveals its boundaries. Beginning with the cogito not as a triumphant foundation but as a residue left after radical doubt, the text traces how attempts to ground existence, selfhood, consciousness, and reality repeatedly encounter structural limits. Animals, machines, simulated worlds, quantum theory, theology, and the self are examined not to extend certainty, but to show where and why it fails. What emerges is a philosophy no longer driven by the search for absolute foundations, yet not surrendered to relativism. Thought is revealed as an operation constrained by conditions it cannot abolish, negation as a power that cannot erase its own occurrence, and existence as something encountered rather than defined. The book argues that philosophy does not end when foundations collapse; it changes its orientation. From certainty to constraint, from grounding to limits, philosophy continues as a disciplined attention to what cannot be negated without contradiction and what cannot be secured without illusion.

Keywords

cogito, existence, limits, consciousness, negation, self, philosophy